A catalog of the Chamaemyiidae of Chile (Diptera: Lauxanioidea).

A catalog of the Chamaemyiidae of Chile is provided. We present all valid names and synonyms for the 14 species and eight genera and subgenera distributed in the country, including information about name, author, year of publication, page number, type-species, type depository, type locality and references. The chamaemyiid fauna of Chile is small, with the largest genus, Ortalidina Blanchard having only five species. Species of the subgenus Xenoleucopis Malloch of the genus Leucopis Meigen (even if referred to only as sp.) are the most cited due to their apparent potential as biological control agents, or the many works recording their biology. The geographical distribution of the different species was compiled from bibliographic data and revised collections.

A catalog of Nemestrinidae (Diptera: Brachycera: Nemestrinoidea) from Chile.

A catalog of the Nemestrinidae from Chile is provided. Included are all valid names and synonyms for the 37 species and four genera from Chile, including information about the name, author, year of publication, page number, type species, type locality, and references. Trichophthalma Westwood is the most species-rich genus in Chile, with eighteen species, followed by Hyrmophlaeba Rondani, with twelve species. The geographical distribution of species was recorded from the examination of bibliographic data, label data on specimens in collections, and records of citizen science. Biological interactions are provided for each species when possible.

Catalog of the horse-flies (Diptera: Tabanidae) of Chile.

A catalog of the Tabanidae from Chile is provided. All valid names and synonyms for the 116 species and 25 genera known for the country including information about name, author, year of publication, page number, type species, type locality and references are listed. The species Dasybasis albohirta (Walker) is cited for the first time for Chile. The type locality of Dasybasis nigrifrons (Philippi) is corrected to Chile (Todos Los Santos Lake). The dates of the description of Tabanus nigrifrons Philippi (now Dasybasis), and Pangonia australis Philippi (now Pseudoscione) are corrected from their original description by Philippi; the original description dates for Tabanus andicola (now Dasybasis), and Tabanus magellanicus (now synonym junior of Dasybasis trita (Walker)) are corrected from 1865 to 1862. Three species previously recorded from Chile are deemed to have been misidentified or misrecorded from Chile: Esenbeckia (E.) cisandeana Wilkerson Fairchild and Esenbeckia (E.) enderleini Krber, and Esenbeckia (E.) testaceiventris (Macquart, 1848). The genus Dasybasis Macquart is the richest genus in Chile, with 33 species. Seven genera (Mycteromyia Philippi, Promycteromyia Coscarn Philip, Archeomyotes Philip Coscarn, Austromyans Philip Coscarn, Chaetopalpus Philippi, Pseudomelpia Enderlein, and Sixtomyia Krolow, Henriques Gonzlez), three subgenera (Esenbeckia (Astomyia) Burger, E. (Palassomyia) Fairchild, and Protodasyapha (Protodasyapha) Enderlein), and 64 species are known only from Chile. There are also one subgenus (Protodasyapha (Curumyia) Coscarn), and 36 specie with distribution shared only between Chile and Argentina.

A catalog of the Sciomyzidae of Chile, with a key to genera (Diptera: Sciomyzoidea).

A catalog of the Sciomyzidae of Chile is presented. Included are all valid names and synonyms for the 27 species and 11 genera known from Chile, including information about name, author, year of publication, page number, type species, type depository, type locality, and references. Tetanoceroides Malloch is the most species-rich genus in Chile, with seven species, followed by Pherbellia Robineau-Desvoidy, with five species; however, if undescribed species are included, Pherbellia is the most species-rich genus in Chile, with nine species. The geographic distribution of species was determined from examination of bibliographic data and label data on specimens in collections. A key is provided to the genera of Sciomyzidae in Chile.

Biogeographical Patterns of Herbivore Arthropods Associated with Chenopodium quinoa Grown along the Latitudinal Gradient of Chile.

Identifying the particular guilds of herbivore arthropods that affect the production of crops is key to developing sustainable pest-management strategies; however, there is incomplete information about the identity of herbivore arthropods that could potentially damage the production of both highland and lowland quinoa landraces grown in Chile. By both reviewing the literature and conducting field collections across a large latitudinal gradient, we generated an updated list of 43 herbivore arthropods associated with quinoa production in Chile. In general, most species are polyphagous feeders, and only seven are specialists. The number and identity of species varied in relation with the latitude, such that four distinctive assemblages of herbivores were identified, each containing 32, 27, 34, and 22 species between latitudes 18-26, 26-32, 32-40, and 40-44° S, respectively. The most northern production area (18-26° S) is affected by nine unique species, including the major quinoa pest Eurysacca quinoae Povolný (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). Similarly, the central area (32-40° S) contains four unique species, including Eurysacca media Povolný (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) and Orthotylus flavosparsus (Sahlberg) (Hemiptera: Miridae). The particular species assemblages described here will help further development of local pest-management practices.

A catalog of the Hybotidae of Chile (Diptera: Empidoidea).

A catalog of the Hybotidae of Chile is provided. We present all valid names and synonyms for the 27 species and 10 genera distributed in the country, including information about name, author, year of publication, page number, type species, type depository, type locality and references. The geographical distribution of the species was recorded from bibliographic data and revised collections. Two species previously recorded for the Hybotidae fauna of Chile must be deleted: Drapetis armipes Bezzi, described from Tacna Peru, and Ocydromia philippii Bigot, a synonym junior of Hyperperacera nemoralis (Philippi), now in Brachystomatidae (Trichopezinae). Bicellaria collina (Philippi) and Austrodromia? valdiviana (Philippi) are maintained in Hybotidae waiting for clarification of correct taxonomic assignment.

A catalog of Stratiomyidae (Diptera: Brachycera) from Chile, with a new synonym and notes on the species.

A list of all 24 genera and 73 species of Stratiomyidae from Chile is provided, along with all their synonyms and photos of the type specimens of 20 species (including 12 primary types). Only one species is assigned to morphospecies level. All references known to us from the taxonomic and biological literature, including information about name, author, year of publication, page number, type specimens, type locality, and references are given. The geographic distribution of each species is given based on bibliographic and collection data. Three species are removed from the Chilean fauna: Nemotelus tenuivena James, 1974 is only known from the type locality in Argentina; Promeranisa nasuta (Macquart, 1850), which has its type locality corrected to Bolivia, Chiquitos Province; and Ptecticus pomaceus Loew, 1855, referred to Chile due to a locality information error, is a junior synonym of P. trivittatus Say, 1829, syn. nov.

A catalog of the Brachystomatidae of Chile (Diptera: Empidoidea).

A catalog of the Brachystomatidae of Chile is provided. We present all valid names and synonyms for the 36 species and five genera distributed in the country, including information about name, author, year of publication, page number, type species, type depository, type locality and references. Heterophlebus Philippi is the richest genus in Chile, with 16 species, followed by Apalocnemis Philippi with 11 species, Ceratomerus Philippi with seven and Gondwanamyia Sinclair, Cumming, Brooks, Plant Saigusa and Hyperperacera Collin with one species each. The geographical distribution of the different species was compiled from bibliographic data and revised collections.

A catalog of Pelecorhynchidae (Diptera: Tabanomorpha) from Chile.

A catalog of the Pelecorhynchidae from Chile is provided. We presented all valid names and synonyms for the 9 species and 1 genus for the country, including information about name, author, year of publication, page number, type species, type locality and references. The geographical distribution of the species known from Chile was compiled from bibliographic data and revised collections.

A catalog of the Bibionidae (Diptera: Bibionomorpha) of Chile.

A catalog of the Bibionidae of Chile is provided. We present all valid names and synonyms for the 33 species and 2 genera known from the country, including information about name, author, year of publication, page number, type species, type locality and references. The geographical distribution of the species known from Chile was compiled from bibliographic data and revised collections. Epiplecia Giard, Heteroplecia Hardy, and Pleciodes Hardy are proposed as junior synonyms of Plecia Wiedeman.

A catalog of Rhagionidae (Diptera: Brachycera) from Chile.

The genera and species of Chilean rhagionids (Diptera: Rhagionidae) are listed, with annotated references to nomenclature, synonymies and generic combinations, type localities, the primary type depositories, distribution, and citations for the most recent revisions. The genus Atherimorpha White is the richest genus in Chile, with 15 described species. Only Leptis basalis Philippi, 1865 is kept as incertae sedis in the family.

A catalog of Athericidae (Diptera) from Neotropical and Andean Regions.

A catalog of the Athericidae from Neotropical and Andean Regions is provided. All valid names and synonyms are presented, totaling twenty-seven species and three genera in these Regions. All references known from the taxonomic and biological literature are given, including information about name, author, year of publication, page number, type species, type locality and bibliography. The genus Atherix Meigen is not represented in Neotropical nor Andean Regions.

A catalog of Anisopodidae (Diptera) from Chile.

A catalog of the Anisopodidae from Chile is provided. All valid names and synonyms are presented, summing up five species in two genera for the country. All references known to us from the taxonomic and biological literature are provided, including information about name, author, year of publication, page number, type species, type locality, distribution, and references. We keep Tonnoirina Amorim Tozoni as a synonym of Sylvicola and Neomesochria Amorim Tozoni as a synonym of Mycetobia.

Morphometric and molecular differences among Calvertius tuberosus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) populations associated with Andean and coastal populations of Araucaria araucana in the La Araucanía Region, Chile

Abstract Calvertius tuberosus (Curculionidae) lives exclusively on Araucaria araucana trees (commonly known as pehuen) in southern Chile. In this study, morphometric and molecular genetic analyses of Andean and coastal populations of C. tuberosus were performed to evaluate evolutionary divergence associated with the discontinuity of the Araucaria forest between the coastal and Andean regions. Specimens of C. tuberosus were collected in Nahuelbuta National Park, Villa Las Araucarias, and Malalcahuello National Reserve and were classified and stored at the Animal Biotechnology Researching Laboratory (LINBA), University of La Frontera, Temuco, Chile. Thirteen morphometric parameters and the expression patterns of ISSR (inter-simple sequence repeat) markers were analyzed. Morphometric data revealed high phenotypic similarity between coastal populations. The genetic analysis revealed a high similarity between coastal populations (genetic identity, 93%), which were differentiated from the Andean population (genetic identity, 84%). This study contributes new genotypic and phenotypic data for the C. tuberosus populations in forest ecosystems of A. araucana, and clarifies the associations between these characteristics and the geographic distributions of populations.

A catalog of Acroceridae (Diptera) from Chile.

A catalog of the Acroceridae from Chile is provided. All valid names and synonyms are presented, totaling 33 species and nine genera for the country. All references known to us from the taxonomic and biological literature, including information about name, author, year of publication, page number, type species, type locality and references are given. Type material of different authors was revised. The species Lasia cuprea is revalidated. The geographical distribution of the different species is recorded from the revised collections and bibliographic data. Holops cyaneus Philippi, 1865 is designated as type species of Holops Philippi, 1865.

Taxonomy of Hylotribus Jekel (Coleoptera: Anthribidae, Anthribinae): new synonymies, combinations and type designations.

The type material of six species of Anthribidae from Chile and one from Peru, originally described as Stenocerus Schoenherr and Stenorrhynchus Philippi & Philippi and later transferred to Hylotribus Jekel, was reexamined. These species are Stenocerus asperatus Blanchard, 1851, Stenocerus aspis Erichson, 1847, Stenocerus posticalis Philippi & Philippi, 1864, Stenocerus quadratipennis Germain, 1854, Stenorrhynchus quadrinotatus Philippi & Philippi, 1864, and Stenocerus tuberculosus Blanchard, 1851. Lectotype designations were made for Hylotribus asperatus, Hylotribus quadratipennis, and Hylotribus tuberculosus. New synonyms were established as follows: Hylotribus signatipes (Blanchard, 1851) = H. quadratipennis (Germain, 1854) syn. n., = H. quadrinotatus (Philippi & Philippi, 1864) syn. n., Hylotribus asperatus (Blanchard, 1851) = H. posticalis (Philippi & Philippi, 1864) syn. n.. While, Hylotribus aspis (Erichson, 1847) from Peru was transferred to Piesocorynus Dejean, 1834 and a new combination and synonymy proposed, Piesocorynus aspis (Erichson, 1847) n. comb. = Piesocorynus gracilicornis (Jekel, 1855) syn. n. The genus Hylotribus is defined with five species from Chile and six from Brazil, and the Chilean species are redescribed with illustrations. A new key to all species is included.

Phylogeny of the Gondwanan beetle family Ulodidae (Tenebrionoidea).

Ulodidae is a small family of saproxylic and fungus feeding beetles restricted to New Zealand, Australia, Chile and New Caledonia. The phylogeny of this family is presented for the first time, based on a cladistic analysis of 53 adult characters from 16 ulodid genera, rooted with Parahelops Waterhouse (Promecheilidae). The topology shows Arthopus Sharp at the base of the tree and confirms the placement of Meryx Latreille as a member of Ulodidae and closely related to the Chilean genus Trachyderas Philippi & Philippi. The extinct New Zealand genus Waitomophylax Leschen & Rhode was placed among a clade consisting of Brouniphylax Strand, Exohadrus Broun, and Pteroderes Germain. Two new genera and two new species are described: Ulobostrichus gen. n. (type species: Ulobostrichus monteithi sp. n.) and Ulocyphaleus gen. n. (type species: Cyphaleus valdivianus Philippi & Philippi, 1864, now U. valdivianus (Philippi & Philippi) n. comb.; U. laetus sp. n.). Dipsaconia pyritosa Pascoe is designated as the type species of Dipsaconia Pascoe and a lectotype was designated for C. valdivianus. A fully illustrated key to the genera and a checklist of the 16 genera and 42 species is included. Based on the phylogeny, the following characters are derived in the family: tuberculate body surface and the presence of scales and /or encrustations. The presence of pore-fields in the abdominal cuticle has evolved at least three times in Meryx Latreille (Australia), Syrphetodes Pascoe (New Zealand) and Trachyderastes Kaszab (New Caledonia).

A chromosomal analysis of four species of Chilean Chrysomelinae (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae).

Four species of Chilean leaf beetles in the subfamily Chrysomelinae have been cytogenetically analyzed, Blaptea elguetai Petitpierre, 2011, Henicotherus porteri Bréthes, 1929 and Jolivetia obscura (Philippi, 1864) show 2n = 28 chromosomes and a 13 + Xyp male meioformula, and Pataya nitida (Philippi, 1864) has the highest number of 2n = 38 chromosomes. The karyotype of Henicotherus porteri is made of mostly small meta/submetacentric chromosomes, and that of Jolivetia obscura displays striking procentric blocks of heterochromatin at pachytene autosomic bivalents using conventional staining. These findings are discussed in relation to previous cytogenetic data and current taxonomy of the subfamily.

New host-plant records for the defoliator Ormiscodes amphimone (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae)

Ormiscodes amphimone (Fabricius) is a phytophagous moth species known to severely defoliate woody species in Chile and Argentina. Here we document new records of O. amphimonehost associations emphasizing the role of Nothofagus pumilio as its primary host in our study area. This new record for Argentina is highly significant given the economic importance of N. pumilio as a timber resource and the potential of O. amphimone to generate extensive outbreaks.

New host-plant records for the defoliator Ormiscodes amphimone (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae).

Ormiscodes amphimone (Fabricius) is a phytophagous moth species known to severely defoliate woody species in Chile and Argentina. Here we document new records of O. amphimonehost associations emphasizing the role of Nothofagus pumilio as its primary host in our study area. This new record for Argentina is highly significant given the economic importance of N. pumilio as a timber resource and the potential of O. amphimone to generate extensive outbreaks.